The term ‘redundant’ is used with roping systems however I often wonder how much thought is truly put into this concept. By definition, a redundant component of a system is one that is not needed. A system with complete redundancy is one that will not fail as a consequence of the failure of any single component.
Generally my aim is to have rope systems with no single point or person of failure.
My position is a step away from the often-mentioned “whistle stop test”. The theory is that such systems should be able to tolerate all hands letting go on a whistle blast. I prefer to work with the assumption that the action (or inaction) of any single person will not be catastrophic.
I also think it is reasonable to have exceptions to “no single point or person of failure” so long as there has been a thorough assessment of the system and potential modes of failure.
Introducing Redundancy to roping systems
There are really only three options for our systems:
- No redundancy.
- Complete redundancy.
- A risk based approach to introducing redundancy to some, but not all, components of the system.
1. No redundancy
The following video is an example of a minimalist counter-balance rescue with absolutely no redundancy. I used this method in an assessment as a rock-climbing instructor a long time ago.
The assessor queried me with: “But you’re still up there?”. Well, the task was to get the suspended climber down an overhanging pitch in the fastest time.
There are many single things that could fail and likely result in catastrophic system failure:
- My rope.
- The rope grab.
- The non-locking pulley/biner.
- My non-locked off descent device.
- My harness.
- The re-threaded Figure-of-8 knot tied incorrectly.
- The Italian/Munter Hitch tied incorrectly.
- My brake hand coming off the brake strand during lower.
In other words, pretty much everything in that demonstration was a single point, or person, of failure. There are no backups. Everything has to be done correctly. Just like when rock-climbers belay and lower each other all over the world, every day of the year.
Sometimes it’s good to remind ourselves that many people still use rope systems perfectly well with absolutely no redundancy.
2. Complete redundancy
If asked, many rope access and rescue technicians will claim their systems have complete redundancy.
On clarification they will, of course, acknowledge that this generally only applies to the components between the anchor and the harness. A ‘bombproof’ anchor is unquestionably sound and no-one wears two harnesses.
The most commonly overlooked single point of failure is the human operator. Although there are now many devices that attempt to minimise the likelihood of human misuse or interference, there are always those who manage to override these extra ‘safety’ features.
It is only when we start to look a little deeper that we can find inconsistencies with this assumed position of complete redundancy.
One obvious example might be a Maillon Rapide.
If using these in our systems we would avoid having the whole system reliant on a single Maillon Rapide. Not because we question its strength – but because of the potential for inadvertent misuse. So why then, on many harnesses, are we happy to rely on a single Maillon Rapide to connect the chest harness to the sit harness when suspending an operator solely from their sternal (chest) attachment point?
And what about rigging plates?
Rigging plates used in configurations such as the one shown here have often been the subject of debate.
I know that there are many positions on this however I’m going to give mine.
- Rigging plates from reputable manufacturers are carefully designed pieces of hardware that are manufactured from specific materials that are sourced from trusted suppliers and subjected to stringent quality control programs.
- Rigging plates have no moving parts and there are not really anyways to misuse them. Well, apart from bending them over edges or submersing them in corrosive agents…
- I know of no account of a rigging plate ever having failed.
- I am generally happy to use a single rigging plate (from a reputable manufacturer) in my otherwise redundant systems.
3. Appropriate redundancy
Given our general acceptance of bombproof anchors, the desire to wear a single harness, and that training can provide competent technicians, perhaps we can move forward from the desire for complete redundancy. Our approach to redundancy should actually be risk driven and consider the likelihood and consequence of particular hazards.
We don’t need to be too academic in this analysis of risk. It may even be based on a consideration of what events might be reasonably foreseeable:
- A carabiner is not closed properly and has its gate pushed open.
- A knot is tied incorrectly and either loosens or releases.
- A rope passes over an unprotected edge and is damaged or cut.
- A device (descender, backup device, or other) is threaded incorrectly and fails to secure a rope.
- An operator overrides the function of a device (descender, backup device, or other).
I deliberately left out the most often asked question around the justification for redundancy:
“What would happen if that carabiner/rope suddenly broke?”
Well I am yet to hear of a situation in a normal roping environment where this has occurred. If we assume that we are using components from reputable manufacturers and sourced through a reliable supply chain then the only reason such components of our system may fail is poor practice. This poor practice includes:
- Inadequate inspection before, during and after use.
- Failure to read, understand, and follow manufacturers’ instructions.
- Insufficient training and ongoing maintenance of skills.
Unfortunately the common factor here is the technician, not the equipment.
So, we should make every reasonable effort to ensure that any single human error does not result in catastrophic failure. This means attempting to provide ‘redundant’ components for any aspect of the system that may be misused by a human.
Anchors
We should also be aware that introducing extra equipment may complicate the system and make system checks more difficult. The following image is just an example.
Assuming the structure is sound (and smooth), the orange rope/knot setup is less prone to human error and far easier to understand and inspect than the blue rope/knot/carabiner/ring/bolt.
Rigging Plates
This image is an example of an effort to introduce redundancy.
A 22kN sling has been clipped through each carabiner in an attempt to provide a redundant link in the event the 36kN rigging plate fails. Just think about that… if the 36kN rigging plate was to “fail” then that slack 22kN sling, assuming it is not damaged by the flying pieces of aluminium, is certainly not going to hold.
The only practical way to provide redundancy to a rigging plate is… with an identical rigging plate.
However, we must be certain that stacking rigging plates has not introduced unintended consequences.
The strength of carabiners is discussed in detail here: Carabiner Specifications. Importantly, the strength of a carabiner is determined in tests when pulled between 12mm round pins. In this image, the two stacked rigging plates resemble some thing more like an 18mm square pin. If the carabiner was an offset D shape, rather than the oval shown, then it is conceivable that the load point could actually be 18mm away from the inside of the carabiner spine.
So here, adding redundancy to the rigging plate has actually reduced the strength of the system.
There are certainly rigging plates that are designed to be bolted together however it may be more productive to revisit the motivation introducing redundancy before launching out and buying more.
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Non-locking belay devices
This next image demonstrates the use of a backup belayer to remove the single person of failure operating the non-locking (or locking) belay device.
A system like this is commonly used by climbing instructors and in climbing gyms. It will not pass the “whistle stop test” however the extra person (the backup belayer) provides a simple and very effective way to cover poor belaying. Top-rope rock-climbs in a natural cliff environment provide another excellent discussion point for appropriate redundancy. It is common to place two locking carabiners at the top of the climb.
This is appropriate because it is reasonably foreseeable that there could be movement of these carabiners, miss-orientation, or even contact with a rocky protrusion. So, even though there is a chance that the double carabiners may actually be weaker than a single, it is more important to guard against inadvertent opening and release of the single climbing rope.
Summary
Appropriate redundancy should be risk based and protect from reasonably foreseeable modes of failure. This is primarily to cover for human error and misuse of equipment. Sometimes there may be particular techniques or components that need no added redundancy. This consideration must be made on a case-by-case basis and consider the complete context. What was OK on site A may be completely different on site B. Rain or dropping the temperature may change everything.
Introducing redundancy should be seen as just one of many possible options for managing risk but it is not THE solution and it will not reduce the risk to zero.
© Richard Delaney, RopeLab, 2018
Orignal Article http://www.ropelab.com.au/redundancy-in-rope-systems/
For More Richard Delaney See or Click Here . Want to see where Richard’s courses and workshop will be held?
40 thoughts on “Redundancy in Rope Systems”
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Covid patient numbers inside Royal United Hospital drop but slight rise in sufferers on air-flow
Covid patient numbers inside the RUH have fallen (figure: AP/ RUH)Coronavirus patients throughout the Royal United Hospital in Bath have fallen again this week to numbers not seen since October.
good latest statistics by NHS England, a healthcare facility has 12 coronavirus patients in hospital with four on ventilation as of Tuesday, March 16.
Last week only three patients were being treated using ventilation techniques, a rise of one in a week.
naturally rise in ventilated patients, The number of patients receiving care for covid has been dropping steadily in the last few weeks.
Last week the numerous patients had halved in a week to 16, Down from 32 to the week old.
Today figures come nevertheless it has been announced that the hospital chief executive has been named one of the country top CEO Looking for Bath top stories in one place? join our newsletter here.
Cara Charles Barks, The leader of the Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Has recognized her “impressive” Staff as the major reason for being named one of the nation’s top 50 CEOs.
The judges for the accolade from medical Service Journal, all HSJ, Assessed candidates on areas including their leadership style, The performance of their Trust and their side of the bargain to the wider health system.
Ms Charles Barks stated that: “To be named in the top 50 CEOs is a personal honour, But I’m more proud of the amazing staff here at the RUH and within our system who are working and making a difference in the care we provide for our community every day.
“Their dedication sits the primary focus of what makes working here special, Particularly during the peak of the coronavirus pandemic when they reached unheard of heights of sheer effort and professionalism and trust.
(impression: NHS london)
“Now they’re playing an incredible part in our COVID 19 recovery plans, Including helping to vaccinate thousands of colleagues and people in our community.
“I’m incredibly proud to be CEO of the asiame review RUH Trust and excited in the future. We have ambitious plans to boost services for our patients, And for our staff to place them right at the centre of our ambition to provide the finist quality of care, Delivered by a first-rate team who all live by our values,
More anecdotes from across Somerset:
Task force launched to tackle safety concerns of being out alone at night
This is what happens if there was a nuclear incident at Hinkley Point C
try Us
UK World NewsPassport renewal fees to increase from TODAY for adults and childrenEverything you need to know about the price hike
Meet the couple who spent days helping Bathonians who were stranded by snowBath LiveAmong some people James and Cindy helped were nurses and patients who needed to get to the RUH
Youngster’s generous donation lands him Heart of Bath awardHeart of Bath AwardsFreddie made headlines last year after donating his Christmas money to the homeless
actual: Bristol Airport closes as snow caused flight arrivals and departures delayed to be delayed or cancelledBath NewsWe’ll have the particular for your here
Less than one in ten rapes leaded to a conviction in Avon and Somerset last yearCrimeThere are many reasons why reported rapes do not lead to convictions
Bath RugbyBath Rugby boss Stuart Hooper proud of the grit to secure ‘vital result’Bath Rugby beat Gloucester 16 14 in Round 10 of the 2020/21 Gallagher Premiership.
Romance fraud alert after 350 lonely hearts conned out of
Police issued a warning ahead of evening of romance (design: West Midlands law enforcement)Stay prepared. Share your email to get all the latest Court and Crime news from Birmingham Live directly to your inboxStay knowledgable. This may include adverts from us and 3rd parties based on our expertise. You can remove yourself from list at any time. details
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Cruel romance fraudsters plundered almost 3m from hundreds of love seekers across the West Midlands over 12 months.
West Midlands Police said 347 victims reported crimes after being duped by online scammers using fake profiles and sob stories.
Officers said trickers received at least a stunning 2.8m from people between november 2020 and October 2021. It works out at typically 8k per victim.
read more: Man dies after outside church in Weoley Castle
The force said the easiest targets were those in their 20s where there were 74 victims. there were also 68 victims aged between 40 and 49.
Police want people to be on their guard and urged family members to help protect relatives from romance fraud specifically in the lead up to Valentines Day.
Romance fraudsters will typically spend weeks building up trust and a difficult attachment with their target. These manipulative criminals will then use a range of often plausible stories to get victims to transfer them money without raising suspicion, criminal court said.
restricted to,consist of funds to visit their “Love interest charges, Money paying emergency medical expenses and pretending to be military personnel or working overseas.
“We boosting a national two week long campaign from today, saturday, thinking about receiving 10, To help online daters and their own families spot the signs of romance fraud led by City of London Police who are the UK lead force for fraud, cops said.
“Anyone talking with somebody they don know, Or haven known for a long period of time, Is urged to potray the Take Five To Stop Fraud advice. companies provided include: Taking a moment to stop and think before parting with your money or know-how could keep you safe.
“is it fake? It’s okay to avoid, Refuse or ignore any requests. Only criminals will try to rush or panic you,
gone through MoreKhatija Nichols, From the police Economic Crime Unit, spoken: “some online daters are genuine, There are unfortunately fraudsters who look to exploit the quest for love for financial gain.
“These criminals are manipulative and are able to prey on people emotions. It extremely important to stop and think and not be seduced by a profile.
“We encourage daters to keep in contact with trusted acquaintances and update them. They can watch for any change in behaviour while also flagging any indicators.
“Other advice includes staying on a dating platform which has processes in place to protect users and spend time knowing the person. Never disclose details until ready and never send money to someone you only been in contact with online,
family can also play an active role to help protect people they know are online dating.
police added: “Ensure they have adequate privacy settings on their social media accounts to ensure strangers don’t have access to their details.
“Stay in regular contact with your friends and relations who are online dating to help spot any changes in behaviour or things that don’t seem right.
“Make friends and relations aware of the signs of romance fraud so that they are conscious of the tactics criminals use to carry out these scams. Reiterate that don’t ever transfer money to someone that you have never met in person.
“persuade folks to report to Action Fraud and the police if they have become a victim of romance fraud and not to be embarrassed about doing chnlove scam so.
Cambs nurse boasted about ‘big manhood’ and said he would definitely ‘smash’ colleague
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A male nurse made a few sexual remarks about fellow colleagues after boasting about his huge manhood while working in Cambridgeshire. Alfred Muvheni Mavurayi, 41, Was struck off by a tribunal over his behaviour where he said a younger coworker bum looked “wonderful” And said he’d “break” another if “She was not mothers-to-be,
The nurse from Kettering was a Ward Manager in the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust the moment. The mental health nurse excused his behaviour as “not cancerous banter” But it has been termed “Deplorable,
The panel heard the vile campaign took place between September 2016 and October 2017 while he working as a Band 7 Ward Manager of the psychological Intensive Care Unit (PICU) In the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS basic Trust, stories NorthantsLive.
find out more: hometown news
this guy “long term to ask” One colleague to go on a date with him, Despite her saying no on one or more occasion, Before making incorrect comments about her body. On one time frame, he explained her “Bum looked cool” of course, if she asked him to stop, my friend “chuckled and/or smirked” The aboard heard.
He would ask the female victim to come to his office without any clinical validation and “didn’t attempt” To stop rumours they were in a sexual loving. Mavurayi at times “wrongly stared and leered” At one or two female colleagues and said, “If she was not pregnant I would her and i’ll smash that,
During one talking about him wearing linen trousers, he was quoted saying “If i did so, You would see my swinging currently so big” And was going to “See and touch a co-worker pum When giving evidence, One hunny said his “incessant comments” established her feel “less than enjoyable” While she was also in a happy relationships.
She reported: “an illustration would be where I would go into his office to access the key box. If he was on his own he would often comment and ask me if I had been doing squats because my bum was looking amazing. I think I was either utilizing a dress or a skirt and he said something about me having nice legs. “It was unwanted attention and made me awkward,
He asked one employer if she would spend the night with him in a hotel after a staff awards evening. Mavurayi made the trainee nurse feel as if a “section of meat” By observing her, The committee was told. The mental health nurse has now been struck off once the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Tribunal ruled his actions was “Deplorable,
It comes after Mavurayi was sacked for gross misconduct following the inquiry in February 2018. The cell said: “The panel considered that Mr Mavurayi breached professional boundaries on numerous occasions and repeatedly harassed more than one colleague over a prolonged long.
“The panel took the view that any breach of professional boundaries is a serious departure from the expected standards of a registered nurse,NHSPrescription prices from April confirmed amid concerns over 60s may lose free deal Plans are in the pipeline to make is now a pay for their medicines
Cambridge people resident ‘gutted’ as council closes community scrapstore to save moneyCambridge City CouncilLocals relied on the arts, Crafts and pre-owned supply store for their creative projects
A14 updates as crash between lorry and car blocks slip road recapTraffic TravelThe episode happened at junction 33 at the Milton Interchange
cost of living 2022: Martin Lewis shares 3 things that must be done today before energy cap risesMartin LewisMoneySavingExpert Martin Lewis says that you must do these three things at once
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TescoTesco, hiking footwear, Superdrug 2 Covid lateral flow tests as free testing endsSingle lateral flow tests are sold for as little as 1.75 at some UK pharmacy
Royal folks: Sweet moment between Princess Charlotte and Princess Beatrice has everyone talking Duke and Dutchess of charmdate review CambridgeThe young princess was on her best behaviour at Prince Philip’s memorial immediately
A14 updates as crash between lorry and car blocks slip road recapTraffic TravelThe event happened at junction 33 at the Milton Interchange
Boat go quiz 2022: See if you can guess if these the famous people went to Oxford or Cambridge in our ultimate quizBoat RaceQuite a few personalities went to Oxbridge.
Ezra Klein
With healthcare reform gasping for breath, I’ve not had time to dig into the Supreme Court’s decision to allow companies to spend freely on elections.
The supreme court ruled Thursday that corporations may spend as freely as they like to support or oppose candidates for president and Congress, Easing decades old limits on business efforts to act upon federal campaigns.
By a 5 4 political election, The court overturned a 20 year old ruling that said companies can be prohibited from using money from their general treasuries to provide and run their own campaign ads. the decision, Which very likely will also allow labor unions to participate more freely in campaigns, intends similar limits imposed by 24 states.
“the appearance of influence or access will not cause the electorate to lose faith in this democracy, The top court said. The best reaction i’ve come across to this came from Brian Beutler, Who notes that directly if they wrote that lines, a legal court burst into peals of laughter.
I think the greater danger is from Fox. We should thank our lucky stars that the composition prevents Rupert Murdoch from doing a Berlusconi directly. Instead however they can run some mnaleable Scott Brown hunk and blanket the airwaves with negative propaganda about Obama or whoever runs in 2012. Roger Ailes will be laughing all the way up to the bank.
The rest of us would stake out some enclaves where we can have sustainable, Fairly progressive communities. I really don’t know what is going to happen to the rest of the country. The teapartiers are athletic, And progressives will shout for awhile, But most people are just so passive and, forgive me, blind to what is really happening.
In retrospect we were all hopelessly naive about what Obama and the particular were capable of. We famous while the 30% who hate him (in addition to us) Got established.
Mind you I don’t think this is essential. The Dems are being craven, Sniveling cowards about a race where an over confident and reduce competent candidate lost a special election. But their craven reaction is rapidly making it a self fulfilling prophecy.
And to think everyone was saying as recently as the end of last year that the GOP would be wandering in the wilderness for a generation. But what will happen now that it is clear that neither party is really competent to govern, And the way has just been paved for the Corps to take over the us govenment completely?
well, Ezra gets their pay cheque, By an organization, To run what is basically an eternal democratic campaign ad. The he goes on Olberman and Maddow to be on their perpetual campaign ads. they are paid big $$ to run their shows by a corporation (ge). But corporations injecting money in politics is corrupt,
I have no issue with this, As the First variation requires this freedom(nicely as for O’Reilly and Beck and whoever else). But to say that corporate money is evil while writing an opinionated political blog paid for by corporate money, better, I’ll leave it to other’s judgment whether our intrepid blogger burst out laughing while writing this. advertising campaign charmdate.com Finance Reform was draconian, And if you approach corporate lobbying speech, Curtailed speech especially advertisements 60 days before an election.
That we can say Campaign Finance Reform is fine, While saying not hard caps on corporate advocacy are unconstitutional… really, I wonder how they arrive at that decision. Or how they balance out the two.
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This femininity is rooted in Chinese language culture-Chinese ladies are expected to be as feminine as attainable since their childhood; that’s hotchina girls how it really works in China (and in different Asian nations apart from Korea and Japan, possibly). It isn’t any secret that all Asian ladies are more gentle, fragile, and total feminine than western ladies. Whereas Western girl are sizzling with their freckled, clear skin, Chinese girl has a transparent and flawless pores and skin. I’ve had a number of close friendships (and relationships) with women from China previously, and all of them instructed me that men from the United States had been usually very fascinating to Chinese language females. Proper education is a key issue to achieve success in China. First of all, it’s best to purchase a reward, nevertheless, you will also must watch out, as a result of gifts are quite symbolic in China. 4. Precious gifts. Meet single Chinese language girls and bring them gifts on the primary date. In terms of relationship a Chinese language girl, it could all the time be best to ensure that you’re clear about your intentions. One doable therapy for porphyria up to now may need been to drink blood, to appropriate the imbalance in the physique (although there’s no clear evidence of this).
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