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ITRS Special – Static Pull Strength and Reliability of the VT (6/1) Prusik Hitch

Written By: Lance Piatt

Static Pull Strength and Reliability of the VT (6/1) Prusik Hitch

Compiled From ITRS-International Technical Rescue Symposium

The International Technical Rescue Symposium is a gathering of persons from across the spectrum of rescue disciplines to share news and views on advances in equipment and techniques, technical problems, and issues of mutual concern. Attendees are typically paid professionals or volunteer rescue personnel from fire departments, national and state parks, mountain rescue teams, and other similar organizations.

Steven Moss, Patrick Rowley, Ande Lloyd
Western Colorado University
September 29, 2019

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to test the strength and reliability of the VT Prusik Hitch (VT),
specifically the 6/1 Asymmetric Prusik in rope-rigging and rescue applications. The VT Prusik is
an eye-to-eye hitch cord constructed of an Aramid fiber sheath with a nylon core and is used to
tie this Asymmetric Prusik. The focus of the testing process is to observe the performance of the
VT in a static slow pull environment and attempt to replicate prior testing to gain insight on
reliability.
Keywords: VT Prusik, 6/1, Max/1, Friction Hitches, Prusik,

Background
The VT Prusik is a friction hitch that is becoming a more prevalent choice for riggers and
technicians in SAR, mountain rescue, and rope access communities, implemented in a max over one
setting (commonly 6/1 on 11mm ropes). The hitch has numerous benefits, including durability, ease of
tying/untying, and consistency in materials and performance. The purpose of this research is to test the

strength and reliability of the VT Prusik Hitch (VT), specifically the 6/1 Asymmetric Prusik in rope-
rigging and rescue applications.

The research performed is relevant to the rope using community in multiple cases. By adding to
the limited data currently available on this product, we hope to bolster the reliability of conclusions
people make regarding the use of the VT.

Working Definitions
VT Prusik (VT) All references herein to the “VT Prusik” or “VT” represents the 6/1 asymmetric
Prusik seen in Figure 1, tied using the BlueWater Ropes VT Prusik.
Yielding is defined as the breaking or weakening of materials and equipment such that they no
longer perform their intended function or breaking strength is diminished significantly.
Holding Force is defined as the maximum force (kN) a friction hitch holds before primary
slippage occurs.

Testing Phases Defined
Phase 1 New 11mm KMIII and new tied 8mm cord (3/3)
Phase 1.5 New 11mm HTP and new tied 8mm cord (3/3)
Phase 2 New 11mm KMIII and new VT Prusik
Phase2.5 New 11mm HTP and new VT Prusik
Phase 3 New 11mm KMIII and reused VT Prusiks from phase 2. Each VT tested 3 additional
times on new sections of rope
Phase 3.5 Used 11mm KMIII and reused VT Prusiks from phase 2. Each VT tested 3 additional
times on new sections of rope
Phase 4 New 11mm HTP and reused VT Prusiks from phase 2.5. Each VT tested 3 additional
times on new sections of rope

Objectives
1. Compare baseline holding strength between the triple-wrap nylon Prusik on KMIII rope and on
HTP Static rope.
2. Compare a base line slipping strength between the VT Prusik on KIII rope and on HTP Static
rope.
3. Compare results with other existing data on the VT

Testing Methods
• In tests using tied loops of 8mm accessory cord, loops where cut, tied with a Double Fisherman’s
Bend, and preloaded with 100kg to set the bend.
• Hitches, knots, and bends were tied by the same person to minimize human variables.
• All testing phases used a Rock Exotica Enforcer loadcell set to fast sampling mode (500hz).
• Ropes where attached to the load cell using a Figure-eight on a bight. See Figure 3 for standard
testing setup.
• Once hitches and knots were tied and dressed, the pull rig was loaded to 100kg to set knots and
hitches before returning to zero tension. Host rope was then marked at starting point for Prusiks.
• Tests were halted once initial slippage was observed.
• Tension was brought down to zero before measuring slip distance.
• Raw data was extracted from Enforcer and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. See Results section for
analysis.

Figure 3. Standard Setup for Testing Figure 4. Example of Test Output

Variables
• Bluewater 8mm VT Prusik
• Sterling 8mm Nylon Accessory Cord
• New England KMIII Rope – 11mm new and used, polyester sheath, nylon core
• Sterling HTP Static Rope – 11mm new, polyester sheath, polyester core
• Slow pull testing (Approx. 42mm/sec) using a 9,500lb truck winch with the addition of a 4:1
mechanical advantage system. See Figures 5 and 6.

 

Results

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion
Material Variability (Nylon Prusiks)
There is a large range in performance of various nylon cords with standard 3 wrap Prusiks. This is
seen with a mean of 11.34kN in this data set (figure 7 and 8), other testing on the same setup
showed a slip at 9kN with Cypher cordage and testing from Gibbs showed 8.7kN using CMC
sewn loops on various rope types. (Gibbs, 2014)
The diversity in materials and performance on the market today is something that needs to be
accounted for and understood when selecting tools to implement in rigging.

Observations When Reusing VTs
When comparing Phase 2 and Phase 3 (Both on KMIII Rope) results using a Two-Sample T-test
Assuming Unequal Variances and an Alpha of .05 we found that there was a statistically relevant
difference in the means of our data sets (14.3% decrease when reusing Bluewater VTs). There
was not a relevant difference when the same analysis was done with phases using HTP static.
Further, this decrease did not appear to continue during successive tests which supports an
observation of a break-in period for the Bluewater VT and a plateau in performance during our
testing: See Figure 10 and 11.

Slip-Force
Means and ranges from testing showed similar results when comparing data done by Rigging for
Rescue in 2014. RFRs summary stats showed a range of 7.2-14.5kN and a mean of 11.4kN.
(Gibbs, 2014) This dataset shows fewer slips on the lower end of this range with a range of 10.9-
14.58kN and a mean of 12.84kN. It is worth noting that host ropes used in this testing varied from
ropes used in Gibbs testing.

Breakability
After conducting tests where 2kN was subjected to the 6/1 VT, then broken manually, the VT was
very tight, and sometimes required great manual force, but the user was able to release tension
from the system in most instances. This breakability is not seen after larger cyclical loading
events or dynamic events such as a mainline failure. This breakability is more reliable in static
loading events under 1.5kN however the breakability of the VT still greatly outperforms that of a
standard 3 wrap Prusik.

 

Final Words
The testing supports the applicability of the VT to hold rescue loads as a progress capture, and
rope grab in a static environment; however, more research should be done on varying
environmental conditions and its performance when interfaced with decent control devices in a
range of configurations to continue to analyze the VT’s applicability.
Special Thanks to
• Western Fund for Scholarly Opportunities, Undergraduate Research, and Creative Expression
(SOURCE) for funding this research.
• Western Mountain Rescue Team (WMRT) for additional funding, support, and donations of
testing materials.
Thanks to
• Scott Newell – Bluewater Ropes
• Josh Walls – Sterling Ropes
• Kevin Koprek – Rigging for Rescue
• Josh Lindgren – Rock Exotica
• Dr. Kevin Nelson – Associate Dean of Business School, Western Colorado University
• Sally Hays Ph.D. – Professor of Economics and Statistics, Western Colorado University
• Bret Bradfield – Gunnison Muffler & Pipe Inc
• Dano Marshall – The ICELab and Small Business Development Center

References
Gibbs, M. (2014, November). High-modulus aramid fiber friction hitches in technical rope rescue
systems. Presented at the International Technical Rescue Symposium, Denver, CO.

Koprek, K. (2015, November). Friction Hitches for Technical Rescue – An Open-Ended Approach.
Presented at the International Technical Rescue Symposium, Portland, Oregon. Retrieved from

http://itrsonline.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Koprek_Friction-Hitches-for-
Technical-Rescue.pdf

Richard Delaney. (2012). Rope Test Labs: set-up for pull tests. Retrieved from

Sterling | 8mm Accessory Cord – SterlingRope.com. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2019, from Sterling
website: https://sterlingrope.com/store/work/cordage/accessory-cords/8mm-accessory-cord
Categories

About The Author:

Picture of Lance Piatt

Lance Piatt

Beginning his career in the rescue and rigging world as a “blue collar” SAR member with Deschutes and Jefferson County teams. Lance Piatt owns and operates Red Ibex Solutions, a sales and marketing wheelhouse blending rope rigging education and exquisite imagery with equipment knowledge and understanding; housing Rigging Lab Academy and Rescue Response Gear… Lance is producing high-end video education, working with several experts and instructors to produce unique series of “how to videos” and courses for rope rigging: Such as; the first ever full-length rescue training DVD, 'Tower Rescue', released in fall of 2005. As well as a series of scenario-based rescues ranging from cave rescue to cliff rescue.

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