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System Efficiency of Mechanical Advantage Systems

Written By: Lance Piatt

System Efficiency

Effect of pulley friction. Most rescue pulleys have an efficiency rating of .75 to .90 (only 75% to 90% of tension is transferred from one side of the pulley to another due to friction). A carabiner used as a pulley has an efficiency of only about 50% or less (more for a steel carabiner, less for aluminum).

Effect of rope on rope friction.

Rope rubbing on rope will significantly reduce the efficiency of the system. Avoid crossing strands of rope within your MA system.

Effect of other sources of friction.

A rope touching any surface creates system inefficiency.

Techniques to reduce this friction:

• Cloth edge padding

• Polyethylene edge pads (e.g., ice cube trays)

• Rollers

• Directional pulleys

Effect of Excessive Angles

The angle of rope entering and exiting a pulley affects the force transferred through the pulley (the more acute the angle the more force transferred, the more obtuse the angle the less force transferred). Keep the ropes parallel but not touching for maximum efficiency.

Maximizing Throw of the System

• Ideal systems require fewer re-sets.

• With simple systems move the mainline anchor farther from the edge in order to increase the throw.

• In compound systems, the second system (that which is farthest from the load) will collapse before the first if co-located on the same anchor.

• Staggering anchors in a compound system will reduce re-sets. To maximize potential the first system should chock-o-block simultaneously with the second or earlier.

Use the following formula to determine anchor separation:

• MA of first system x throw distance of the first system = length of throw for the second system; example:

  • 1st throw is a 10 foot long 3:1 10 ft x 3 = 30 ft
  • 2nd throw should be built 30 ft long (regardless of the MA of the 2nd throw)

Progressions

If higher levels of mechanical advantage are needed during a hauling operation, it is significantly more efficient to build upon the existing system than to disassemble it and build a new, more advanced one.

The 2:1 and 3:1 are haul systems upon which progressions of higher degree systems can be easily built without tearing down the original and starting anew.

The 2:1 progression:

• 2:1

• 6:1

• 10:1

The 3:1 progression:

• 3:1

• 5:1

• 9:1

Summary

Manual haul systems are high-load/high-risk techniques and the possibility of catastrophic failure is greater than in lowering systems. Never apply more mechanical advantage than is needed to raise the load. The ability to raise the load will be significantly enhanced by utilizing techniques that increase system efficiency. The rescuer should know how to minimize the effects of friction from various sources, how to maximize system throw, and how to increase mechanical advantage if needed. The rescuer should also know how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a system in order to evaluate forces applied to the anchor and to the system as a whole.

Some Extra Credit!

 

Peace on your Days

Lance
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About The Author:

Picture of Lance Piatt

Lance Piatt

Beginning his career in the rescue and rigging world as a “blue collar” SAR member with Deschutes and Jefferson County teams. Lance Piatt owns and operates Red Ibex Solutions, a sales and marketing wheelhouse blending rope rigging education and exquisite imagery with equipment knowledge and understanding; housing Rigging Lab Academy and Rescue Response Gear… Lance is producing high-end video education, working with several experts and instructors to produce unique series of “how to videos” and courses for rope rigging: Such as; the first ever full-length rescue training DVD, 'Tower Rescue', released in fall of 2005. As well as a series of scenario-based rescues ranging from cave rescue to cliff rescue.

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