Class 3–4 Litter Handling

Class 3–4 terrain presents unique challenges for rescue teams. These environments introduce steep slopes, unstable ground, and critical transitions between scrambling and technical rope systems. Mastering Class 3–4 litter handling requires a deep understanding of terrain, team coordination, advanced rigging techniques, and patient safety measures. This unit covers the tools, techniques, and strategies necessary for success in these demanding scenarios.

Understanding Class 3 and Class 4 Terrain

Expanded Definitions with Real-World Context

1. Class 3 Terrain: Scrambling Challenges
   • Description: Class 3 terrain involves slopes where rescuers may need to use hands and feet to maintain balance. This terrain is characterized by loose rocks, scree, and uneven surfaces. While ropes are not always required, they provide an added safety layer in risky areas.
   • Key Considerations:
     • Stability of ground: Scree or shifting debris can destabilize rescuers and litter.
     • Angle of incline: Moderate slopes often require litter bearers to work harder to control movement, particularly during downward transport.
     • Environmental factors: Rain or wet conditions can turn Class 3 terrain into a hazardous situation requiring rapid reassessment.
   • Example Scenario: A rescue on a loose scree slope where tenders manage the litter while negotiating sliding debris. Without proper balance and coordination, the entire system could destabilize.
2. Class 4 Terrain: Entering Technical Territory
   • Description: Class 4 terrain is steep, exposed, and dangerous. It necessitates the use of ropes, anchors, and advanced rigging to ensure the safety of both the patient and rescuers. Falls in this terrain are life-threatening, making precise rigging and communication paramount.
   • Key Considerations:
     • Consequences of failure: Even minor errors can lead to catastrophic outcomes.
     • Rigging systems: Multi-anchor setups and guiding lines are often required to secure the litter.
     • Physical demands: The steepness and exposure increase the physical strain on rescuers.
   • Example Scenario: A rescue on a near-vertical rock face, where tenders use guiding lines to keep the litter elevated and prevent it from contacting the cliff face.

Litter Handling Techniques for Steeper Ground

Expanded Techniques

1. Preventing Snagging: Strategies and Tools
   • Why It Matters: A snagged litter can compromise patient safety, delay evacuation, and risk damaging the system.
   • Techniques:
     • Plan routes that avoid known hazards like protruding rocks or roots.
     • Use a guiding line system to keep the litter suspended above obstacles.
     • If snagging occurs, reposition tenders or adjust the litter angle using the bottom rail for leverage.
     • Equipment Tip: Tools like CMC Rescue Litter Harness provide added control and stability to prevent snagging in tight spaces.
2. Dynamic Positioning of Tenders: Maintaining Control
   • Why It Matters: Improper positioning can lead to a loss of control, risking the safety of the patient and the entire rescue team.
   • Techniques:
     • On moderate slopes, tenders should walk slightly behind the litter, stabilizing it with their hands or shoulders.
     • On steeper slopes, tenders rotate between supporting the bottom rail and providing vertical stabilization from above.
     • In extreme cases, tenders may climb onto the litter to adjust its angle or secure the patient.
3. Vectoring Out for Control: Managing Terrain Challenges
   • Why It Matters: Vectoring reduces friction and ensures the litter stays clear of obstacles but requires significant physical effort.
   • Techniques:
     • Use pulley systems or mechanical advantage setups to reduce strain on tenders during vectoring.
     • Establish rest intervals to maintain energy levels and prevent fatigue.
     • Rotate team members frequently to ensure consistent performance.
     • Equipment Tip: The CMC Guiding Line Kit simplifies vectoring by maintaining tension and control.

Transitions Between Class 3 and Class 4

Expanded Challenges and Strategies

1. Load Management: Adapting Rigging Systems
   • Challenge: Systems designed for single-patient loads may fail under multi-person loads during transitions.
   • Solution:
     • Proactively test anchors and rigging for higher loads before transitioning.
     • Reinforce anchors with backup systems to account for unexpected strain.
     • Incorporate load-distributing anchors to evenly distribute weight.
2. Unstable Terrain: Navigating Mixed Conditions
   • Challenge: Shifting scree, loose debris, and sudden environmental changes can destabilize operations.
   • Solution:
     • Deploy additional anchor points in unstable sections.
     • Use haul systems to lift the litter over hazardous areas.
     • Reassess terrain frequently and adjust strategies dynamically.
3. Environmental Variables: Planning for the Unexpected
   • Challenge: Freezing temperatures, poor visibility, and rain exacerbate risks during transitions.
   • Solution:
     • Equip team members with weather-appropriate gear such as insulated gloves and traction devices.
     • Ensure all lighting equipment is functional for night rescues or low-visibility conditions.
     • Establish contingency plans for delays caused by weather or unforeseen challenges.

Guiding Line Systems

Expanded Overview

A guiding line system keeps the litter elevated off the terrain, reducing risks and increasing efficiency. These systems are essential in Class 4 terrain or areas with extensive obstacles.

Components of a Guiding Line System

1. The Guiding Line:
   • Suspends the litter, ensuring it avoids ground obstacles.
   • Must be durable and long enough for the descent, with extra length for tensioning adjustments.
2. The Lowering System:
   • Controls the litter’s descent, maintaining stability and preventing sudden drops.
   • Often includes mechanical advantage systems for smoother operation.
3. The Tensioning System:
   • Keeps the guiding line taut to prevent sagging or instability.
   • Can be positioned at the top or bottom, depending on operational requirements.

Strategies for Effective Class 3–4 Operations

Preplanning and Assessment

• Conduct terrain assessments to identify anchor locations and potential hazards.
• Anticipate load increases and reinforce anchors accordingly.

Team Coordination

• Assign clear roles, such as rigger, belayer, scout, and litter tenders.
• Use standardized commands for consistent communication.

Adapting to Terrain

• Deploy pulley systems to assist with vectoring and steep descents.
• Adjust anchor setups dynamically to adapt to terrain changes.

Recommended Equipment

Top 3 Products for Class 3–4 Terrain

1. CMC Rescue Litter Harness
   A versatile harness for secure, controlled litter operations in steep terrain.
2. CMC Guiding Line Kit
   Essential for keeping the litter elevated and stable during technical rescues.
3. CMC Pro Stainless Steel Split-Apart Rescue Litter
   Durable and portable, ideal for challenging rescues across Class 3–4 terrain.

Final Thoughts

Class 3–4 litter handling combines physical demands with technical expertise. By mastering terrain assessment, rigging systems, and guiding line techniques, rescue teams can operate safely and efficiently. In Unit 4, we’ll explore edge transitions and advanced belay systems for even greater rescue capability.

Peace on your Days

Lance